Displaced populations living in overcrowded settlements present an emerging and severe COVID-19 public health risk in conflict-affected countries across the globe. In Afghanistan, the scale of the risk is sobering: over 8 million people have been displaced since 2012, including 4.2 million internally displaced people (IDPs) and 4 million returnees from Iran and Pakistan [1]. Many live in overcrowded urban settlements that lack basic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, where the virus and associated lockdowns can wreak human, social and economic havoc.

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[No abstract available]